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Boards invariably contains provisions intended to secure
fairness in operation by equalising the voting power of sach
Company on the Board. This is sometimes done by agreeing that
voting shall be by Company; sometimes by a regulation that
no votes shall be taken unless all the members are present.
The constitution also invariably provides some method by which
a deadlook caused by the equality of votes can be removed.
In England this is generally done by referring the question
at issue to an Arbitrator, but this method would not, of course,
be suitable where the Owners are Governments.
One great advantage of a Joint Working Arrangement
with a Joint Board of Control is that the original Agreement
can be enormously simplified. Practically all the details
which would have to be set out at length in an Agreement for
working through traffic can be left over to be determined by the
Board when it meets, but it is necessary to determine what
expenses are to be treated as working expenditure and paid out
of the receipts, and also in what proportion any divisible
profit is to be divided between the Owning Companies.
Rates and Fares are fixed in relation to one definite
ascertained circumstance, the cost of the line, and one
problematical question, the amount the traffic will bear.
Through Rates are divided between the Owning Companies by a
mileage division, but when the line of one Company is more
costly per mile than that of the other the mileage division is
not by actual mileage but by computed mileage; the owner of the
more costly line is entitled to certain extra or bonus miles in
addition to its actual mileage. There are many examples of
this in the United Kingdom. Perhaps the most interesting is
the Forth Bridge, which belongs to a separate Company, and
5 owing to its great coat receives a bonus mileage of 19 miles
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